蚯蚓堆肥污泥研究述评

近年来,蚯蚓堆肥作为污泥处理的新选择,成为大家关注的热点之一。从适合于污泥堆肥蚓种的选取、蚯蚓堆肥处理前后污泥理化性质的改变、蚯蚓自身的变化、蚯蚓对重金属的富集去除作用和以植物生长分析法评估污泥处理的效果等方面对污泥蚯蚓堆肥的研究进展进行了述评,以期为污泥处理的相关研究和实际应用提供参考。     

The effects of nitrogen sludge load and DO on high concentration nitrous nitrifying system

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of nitrogen sludge load and dissolved oxygen(DO) on nitrite nitrification system. The following conclusions have been drawn based on the experimental data and analysis results: 1) The ammonium degradation rate and the nitrous accumulation rate of high concentration nitrous nitrifying system decline with the increase of NH+4-N sludge load. When HRT is less than two days, the ammonium degradation rate rapidly declines to 25%~29% with the increase of NH+4-N sludge load. When HRT is beyond two days, the ammonium rate of the system slowly falls to 50%~60% with the NH+4-N sludge load increased. When HRT is 2.5 days or 3 days, the declined trend of the system nitrous accumulation rate is not obvious with the NH+4-N sludge load increased. When HRT is 5 days, the decrease of nitrous accumulation rate is caused by the adaptation of sludge. So the NH+4-N sludge load of high concentration nitrous accumulation system should not be too high; 2)With the increase of DO, the ammonium degradation of high concentration nitrous nitrifying system is gradually increased. When the DO is less than 0.7 mg/L, it is not conductive to the ammonium degradation. When the DO is higher than 2 mg/L, the oxide of NH+4-N is changed into the increased of NO3-N and the nitrous accumulation rate declined. If the concentration of DO is controlled within 0.7to 1.3 mg/L, the high concentration nitrous nitrifying system can have a good NH+4-N degradation rate and nitrous accumulation rate.     

16S rDNA克隆文库技术在活性污泥系统微生物组成分析中的应用

采用构建16S rDNA克隆文库方法对活性污泥系统的细菌种群多样性进行研究。随机测定了71个克隆子序列(1 500bp),BLAST比对结果表明,活性污泥中微生物群落具有高度多样性,可分为6个主要类群,其中,拟杆菌(Bacteroides)类群和γ变形菌(γ-Proteobacteria)类群在文库中所占比例最大,分别为38.03%和32.39%;其次是β-Proteobacteria,占19.72%;Firmicutes,Candidate division TM7和α-Pro-teobacteria类群所占比例相对较小,分别为4.23%,4.23%和1.04%。序列分析结果表明,活性污泥中具有可强化生物脱氮除磷效果的食酸菌(Acidovorax),包括假单胞菌(Pseudomonas),红环菌(Rhodocyclus)等细菌。     

ABR反应器处理山梨酸废水的启动试验

[目的]寻找经济、有效的山梨酸废水的处理工艺。[方法]采用ABR高效厌氧反应器,进行山梨酸生产废水的启动试验。[结果]在35℃条件下,经历190d,成功地完成对ABR反应器的启动。进水COD容积负荷由0.26kg/（m3.d）增加到2.16kg/（m3.d）,COD去除率达到93%,挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）和pH值也达到要求。在ABR反应器中形成大量性能良好的颗粒污泥,其尺度介于2～5mm。电镜分析表明,不同隔室内呈现种群配合良好的厌氧微生物分布,且各隔室中的颗粒污泥形状各异,表面凸凹不平,存在气孔。第1隔室存在大量优势发酵细菌,沿水流方向颗粒污泥中的微生物逐渐向产甲烷细菌菌群过渡。[结论]好氧处理前先采用厌氧法进行处理,可以完成ABR反应器处理山梨酸生产废水的启动。     

食用氯化钠替代明矾在马铃薯粉丝(条)中的应用

通过改变马铃薯粉丝(条)生产工艺参数,用食用氯化钠(食盐)替代明矾,达到或超过传统工艺马铃薯粉丝(条)产品所具有的透明、耐煮、不断条、不浑汤、不黏连、口感筋道等特性。     

Influence of Turbulence Characteristics on the COD and NH3 N Degradation Capacity of Activated Sludge System

The distribution of turbulence intensity under different rotation speed was analyzed to seek micro indexes reflecting hydraulic conditions of active sludge system by PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) in a stirring SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor). Based on the SBR degradation capacity, flocs structure under different rotating speed of stirring paddle, the influences of turbulence intensity on the degradation capacity were studied, and the indexes of turbulence intensity in the main part of stirring zone and other parts were given. The results show that the specified degradation constant of the pollutants in the active sludge reactor increases firstly and then decreases with the increasing of turbulence intensity. The optimum indexes of turbulence intensity in the experiment are 1.4% of main part and 0.34% of other parts. The turbulence intensity indexes in the active sludge system reflect part differences of hydraulic conditions. The turbulence intensity has remarkable influence on the breaking up of active sludge in the main part of stirring zone, while it has good correlation with the collision and gathering of sludge flocs in other parts of the reactor.     

Feasibility test of HBH Ⅱ compound microorganism on the reduction of septic tank nightsoil sludge 

The paper selects septic tank nightsoil sludge as the study object, and conducts three treatments for nightsoil sludge anaerobic digestion reduction under 35 ℃ including CK treatment(without HBH II compound microorganism), T1 treatment(adding 0.005% HBH II compound microorganism in the original nightsoil sludge system) and T2 treatment(adding 0.005% HBH II compound microorganism after the nightsoil sludge was sterilized by pasteurism). It investigates the removal rate of total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS) and COD of the three treatments, and analyzes the main contents of nightsoil sludge before and after anaerobic digestion and the digestion efficiencies of them. The results indicate that the removal rates of TS, VS and COD of T1 are 46.03%, 49.96% and 47.06%, respectively, and there are 14.89%, 16.26% and 15.53% higher than CK, 6.63%, 8.02% and 11.90% higher than T2, respectively. There are significantly positive (p<0.01) relations between T1 and CK, and T1 and T2 in the removal rate of TS, VS and COD. The nightsoil sludge digestion efficiencies of CK, T1 and T2 are 34.69%, 51.09% and 43.05%, respectively and that of T1 significantly positive(p<0.01) differs from CK and T1 treatment. The results indicate that the corporate effect of the adding HBH II compound microorganism and the original microorganism of the nightsoil sludge system are helpful to the reduction of septic tank nightsoil sludge and it is feasible for directly adding HBH II compound microorganism to septic tank for the reduction of the nightsoil sludge in it.     

活性污泥降解植物纤维容器的研究

生物可降解塑料的开发已经成为目前的研究热点之一,而活性污泥法是常用的评价高分子材料的生物可降解性的方法。以活性污泥的干燥固体总质量(TS)和活性污泥的挥发性固体含量(VS)为考察指标,分析活性污泥对于聚丙烯(PP)、纸制、植物纤维(稻壳)餐具的降解能力。实验结果表明,在降解期间(21 d),纸制餐具降解速度最快,且降解程度最大,植物纤维餐具降解程度低于纸制,而聚丙烯餐具基本不降解。增加降解物的表面积和提高活性污泥与降解物的比值,有利于降解物的降解。     

工业和住宅污泥对大叶相思种子萌发以及幼苗生长参数的影响

在孟加拉国吉大港大学林业与环境科学院苗圃内,评价了污泥对大叶相思种子萌发以及幼苗生长的作用。播种前,将污泥与营养匮乏的自然林土壤按不同比率混合,分别在播种后的第1,2和3个月时,记录种子萌发情况和幼苗生长参数（枝条和根系的长度、直径、枝条的鲜重和干重、根和总的干物质量）。在播种前和幼苗采收后,分别测定各个处理的污泥-土壤混合物的理化参数（pH值、有机碳、氮、磷、钾）,以及重金属含量（铬、镍、锰、镉、锌）。结果表明,与对照相比,污泥-森林土壤混合物中播种的种子萌发率和幼苗生长参数发生显著变化。土壤-污泥按2：1混合时,种子萌发率最高（90%）,幼苗生长速率和生物量最大,有机碳和氮磷钾含量也最高。混有工业污泥的土壤中重金属含量要高于混有住宅污泥的土壤。在工业污泥土壤中,污泥-土壤按1：1混合时,重金属含量最高。据此推荐,在退化森林土壤中,土壤-污泥以2：1混合较适合大叶相思种子萌发和幼苗生长。     

矾矿废弃地生态修复植物种的筛选

采用方差分析及隶属函数等方法对苍南矾矿废弃地引入的18种环境修复植物的生长与生理适应性进行研究.结果表明:新分蘖高生长量在草本种间差异极显著(P＜0.01),冠幅生长量在木本植物间差异极显著(P＜0.01);生理指标(叶绿素含量、SOD和CAT酶活性)在18个植物种间呈现显著差异(P＜0.05),说明不同植物对矾矿废弃地环境的适应性是不同的,进行植物筛选是生态修复的关键和必要环节.综合生长与生理适应性表现,认为美丽胡枝子、新银合欢、构树和香根草是矾矿废弃地生态恢复的适生先锋物种,特别是具有生物固氮能力的美丽胡枝子和新银合欢对废弃土壤中N元素及有机质的积累有积极意义.